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Abstract
Endogenous viral elements found in a marine protozoan have a function in defence against infection by giant viruses. Matthias Fischer and Thomas Hackl show here that endogenous viral elements found in a marine protozoan have a function in defence against infection by giant viruses. Virophages are a recently discovered group of DNA viruses that are obligate parasites of protist-infecting giant DNA viruses such as mimivirus. Fischer and Hackl find mavirus, a virophage sharing an evolutionary origin with a class of self-synthesizing DNA transposons called Maverick/Polinton elements, integrates into the genome of the marine protozoan Cafeteria roenbergensis. Superinfection of the protozoan in vitro with the giant virus Cafeteria roenbergensis virus (CroV) induces the production of infectious mavirus particles, which are released upon host cell lysis and can then suppress CroV replication in other CroV-infected flagellate populations. Endogenous viral elements are increasingly found in eukaryotic genomes1, yet little is known about their origins, dynamics, or function. Here we provide a compelling example of a DNA virus that readily integrates into a eukaryotic genome where it acts as an inducible antiviral defence system. We found that the virophage mavirus2, a parasite of the giant Cafeteria roenbergensis virus (CroV)3, integrates at multiple sites within the nuclear genome of the marine protozoan Cafeteria roenbergensis4. The endogenous mavirus is structurally and genetically similar to eukaryotic DNA transposons and endogenous viruses of the Maverick/Polinton family5,6,7. Provirophage genes are not constitutively expressed, but are specifically activated by superinfection with CroV, which induces the production of infectious mavirus particles. Virophages can inhibit the replication of mimivirus-like giant viruses and an anti-viral protective effect of provirophages on their hosts has been hypothesized2,8. We find that provirophage-carrying cells are not directly protected from CroV; however, lysis of these cells releases infectious mavirus particles that are then able to suppress CroV replication and enhance host survival during subsequent rounds of infection. The microbial host–parasite interaction described here involves an altruistic aspect and suggests that giant-virus-induced activation of provirophages might be ecologically relevant in natural protist populations.Cite this article
Fischer, M., Hackl, T. Host genome integration and giant virus-induced reactivation of the virophage mavirus. Nature 540, 288–291 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature20593 