Author: ["Henry N. Chapman","Anton Barty","Michael J. Bogan","Sébastien Boutet","Matthias Frank","Stefan P. Hau-Riege","Stefano Marchesini","Bruce W. Woods","Saša Bajt","W. Henry Benner","Richard A. London","Elke Plönjes","Marion Kuhlmann","Rolf Treusch","Stefan Düsterer","Thomas Tschentscher","Jochen R. Schneider","Eberhard Spiller","Thomas Möller","Christoph Bostedt","Matthias Hoener","David A. Shapiro","Keith O. Hodgson","David van der Spoel","Florian Burmeister","Magnus Bergh","Carl Caleman","Gösta Huldt","M. Marvin Seibert","Filipe R. N. C. Maia","Richard W. Lee","Abraham Szöke","Nicusor Timneanu","Janos Hajdu"]
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Abstract
Theory predicts1,2,3,4 that, with an ultrashort and extremely bright coherent X-ray pulse, a single diffraction pattern may be recorded from a large macromolecule, a virus or a cell before the sample explodes and turns into a plasma. Here we report the first experimental demonstration of this principle using the FLASH soft-X-ray free-electron laser. An intense 25 fs, 4×1013 W cm−2 pulse, containing 1012 photons at 32 nm wavelength, produced a coherent diffraction pattern from a nanostructured non-periodic object, before destroying it at 60,000 K. A novel X-ray camera assured single-photon detection sensitivity by filtering out parasitic scattering and plasma radiation. The reconstructed image, obtained directly from the coherent pattern by phase retrieval through oversampling5,6,7,8,9, shows no measurable damage, and is reconstructed at the diffraction-limited resolution. A three-dimensional data set may be assembled from such images when copies of a reproducible sample are exposed to the beam one by one10.Cite this article
Chapman, H., Barty, A., Bogan, M. et al. Femtosecond diffractive imaging with a soft-X-ray free-electron laser. Nature Phys 2, 839–843 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys461 