Author: ["Michael D. Kornberg","Nilkantha Sen","Makoto R. Hara","Krishna R. Juluri","Judy Van K. Nguyen","Adele M. Snowman","Lindsey Law","Lynda D. Hester","Solomon H. Snyder"]
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Abstract
The activity of myriad nuclear proteins is regulated by S-nitrosylation, but a nuclear nitrosylase has remained elusive. GAPDH is now shown to be nitrosylated in the cytoplasm, which promotes its import into the nucleus, where it then transnitrosylates nuclear proteins. S-nitrosylation of proteins by nitric oxide is a major mode of signalling in cells1. S-nitrosylation can mediate the regulation of a range of proteins, including prominent nuclear proteins, such as HDAC2 (ref. 2) and PARP1 (ref. 3). The high reactivity of the nitric oxide group with protein thiols, but the selective nature of nitrosylation within the cell, implies the existence of targeting mechanisms. Specificity of nitric oxide signalling is often achieved by the binding of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) to target proteins, either directly4 or through scaffolding proteins such as PSD-95 (ref. 5) and CAPON6. As the three principal isoforms of NOS—neuronal NOS (nNOS), endothelial NOS (eNOS) and inducible NOS (iNOS) —are primarily non-nuclear, the mechanisms by which nuclear proteins are selectively nitrosylated have been elusive. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is physiologically nitrosylated at its Cys 150 residue. Nitrosylated GAPDH (SNO–GAPDH) binds to Siah1, which possesses a nuclear localization signal, and is transported to the nucleus7. Here, we show that SNO–GAPDH physiologically transnitrosylates nuclear proteins, including the deacetylating enzyme sirtuin-1 (SIRT1), histone deacetylase-2 (HDAC2) and DNA-activated protein kinase (DNA-PK). Our findings reveal a novel mechanism for targeted nitrosylation of nuclear proteins and suggest that protein–protein transfer of nitric oxide groups may be a general mechanism in cellular signal transduction.Cite this article
Kornberg, M., Sen, N., Hara, M. et al. GAPDH mediates nitrosylation of nuclear proteins. Nat Cell Biol 12, 1094–1100 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb2114 